Aggressive
behavior is a manifestation of basic activity of living
beings. Their presence in the entire animal kingdom and
the results of research on it gives the phenomenon of
"multidimensional" In the individual can manifest in each
of the levels up to the individual: a purely physical,
emotional, cognitive and social. His character is
polymorphic. It may occur on the physical level, such as
fighting with explicit physical manifestations. On the
emotional level can appear as anger or rage, manifested
through the gestures and facial expression or a change of
tone and volume in the language. From a cognitive level
may be present as destructive fantasies, aggressive plans
or ideas of persecution own or someone else.
Anger
Agression
The aggression
comes from the Latin word, which is synonymous with
acometivididad. Involves provocation and attack. As an
adjective, and vulgar sense, refers to who is "prone to
fail to respect, to provoke or offend others." In the
legal framework can be understood as an "act contrary to
the law of another." The term applies to the aggressor
"who gives a reason to quarrel or fight, abusive,
challenging or provoking any other way"
As social
behavior may involve fighting, pugnacity and be part of
power / submission, both in situations dyadic (of two)
and in groups.
Whereas there are
four basic emotions: joy, sadness, fear and anger, it
would be closer to anger. When manifested in full sense,
anger is an emotion not synchronous with the sadness,
just as you are among them the fear and joy. The joy and
anger have a expansive. For its part, the sadness and
fear are manifested as a physical and cognitively back.
Aggressiveness is
usually understood as directed outward, toward the other.
However, the person may assault, directly or indirectly
hurt himself.
The endocrine
system among mammals reveals the existence of three
levels of control: The first has to do with the state of
preparation for action (androgens, estrogen and
luteinizing hormone).
The
aggressiveness is linked to the state of preparation for
combat.
The most powerful
androgen is testosterone. Its scope is broader than the
mere expression aggressive. But in nature, the increase
in specific periods of the year is accompanied by an
increase in sexual aggressiveness.
The second is
related to the rapid response to stress and involves
catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine).
Maintain the
physiological activity in the conduct of struggle and
flight, in situations requiring immediate response.
During this
period played a key role of the sympathetic nervous
system activity. During the same characteristics are the
rise in blood pressure, tachycardia, increased muscle
tone, hair erection, breathing changes, and so on. For
its part, the route electroencefalográfico show
rapid cortical activity in general.
The third is
linked to the ability of a sustained response to stress
(adrenal steroids).
A serotonin
modulation is attributed to a large group of normal and
pathological behavior. Metabolism in the central nervous
system appears closely linked with emotions in general
and in particular the aggressive.It has been the subject
of numerous studies for its relations with the so-called
biological rhythms (sleep, seasonal, etc..) Introducing
selective fluctuations in relation with them.
The
activity of this neurotransmitter is often balanced by
other changes, such as dopamine and acetylcholine.
Catecholamines,
particularly norepinephrine and dopamine, have been the
subject of numerous studies. They have been particularly
associated with aggression type Irritant and less
competitive with the forms, and territorial defense.
Acetylcholine, in
turn, can turn aggressive competitive and defensive
irritant in laboratory animals.
PSYCHOSOCIAL
AGGRESSIVENESS
From the
psychoanalytic perspective, aggression is defined as "a
trend or set of trends that are updated in real behavior
or fantasy, to harm another, to destroy, in contrast, to
humiliate him, and so on. Aggression can take forms
non-violent and destructive action, there is so much
negative behavior (eg, denial of aid) as positive, both
symbolic (eg irony) as actual, not to function as
aggression.
Adler noted in
1908, the existence of an "aggressive push" not only in
the genesis of psychological distress, but as something
that is part of everyday life.
Freud linked the
"resistance to treatment with aggressiveness. Likewise,
the "ambivalence" among its customers interpreted as the
coexistence of struggle and affection. The aggressiveness
is partly in the service of "sexual impulse." In his
later writings he referred to as one of the aggressive
forms of the activity disorganized and shredder. By
contrast, erotic would be aimed at the creation and
maintenance. The relationship between the erotic and
aggressive would be similar to those existing between the
processes of merger-defusión.
Aggressiveness as
primitive and unconscious tendency with which it is born,
it would be modulated and socially internalized
throughout life but particularly in children. Ruther
Giller summarizes the many inputs and studies on the
subject in the following key assumptions:
1. The importance
of family relationships and parenting in the early years.
2. The central
role of intra unconscious factors.
3. Antisocial
behavior is the result of a defective development of the
personality.
4. Some crime
cases are the result of the demonstration in the conduct
of intra conflict ( "acting out").
The
aggressiveness can be seen from the perspective of
ethology. The systematic study of animal behavior has led
to better integrate the knowledge of brain activity,
particularly among mammals.
From a biological
point of view a certain amount of aggression is an
adaptive under certain circumstances, such as food
shortages or situations regular high population
densities.
The territorial
conflict would be the key to understanding behaviors such
as feeding, mating or hunting. The aggressiveness is seen
as a natural and "expansive", associated to varying
degrees, as appropriate, to the above.
Behaviors that
the clinic would be present in human form of euphoria,
confrontation, and expansion of activities seductivas I
typically diagnosed manic tables, become part of what is
natural in view etológica. To the extent that
serve specific purposes such as obtaining biological
territory and reproduction.
Depressive state
characterized by the inability to fight are placed in
relation to losses of land or ability to exercise power
in it.
Seasonality can
be found among mammals conduct linked to the territory
and the activation and sexual human beings have deep
emotional disorders, from this perspective suggests that
the biological foundations of both may be partially
similar.
If we reduce our
own aggressive behavior using self hypnosis and lower our
levels of catecholamines and corticosteroids to limits
within which we can feel happy, we should devise our
population and our social systems in a way that
aggression is inappropriate in any daily activity
thinkable and therefore less adaptive
Violence and
social life
Many mental
problems that may have associated aggressive behavior.
The most serious forms often have several of these
disorders. The ways in which expresses aggression
manifested the characteristics of simplicity or
elaboration, exaggeration or inconsistency, as the case
and its context.
a) Mental
retardation.
b) basic organic
mental disorders:
- Dementias.
- Post-traumatic
disorders.
- Some epileptic
disorders.
- Other problems
are not primarily associated with the brain (eg chronic
pain).
c) States of
poisoning by psychoactive substances:
- Alcohol.
-
Psychostimulants.
- New
alertizantes substances.
- Disinhibition
of aggression by antidepressants and anxiolytics
psychopharmaceuticals.
Substances (eg
alcohol).
d) Disorders of
impulse control.
e) Disorders
antisocial personality type.
f) affective
disorders:
In the short
term, suggests avoiding confrontation as far as possible.
An adult must be explained in a calm and clear voice that
kind of personal experiences have led to a certain point
of view or position. Apologize if it is the right thing.
Request an explanation of how non-threatening. Avoid an
escalation of threats and screams.
In the long term,
consisting of rules proposed to maintain the
relationship. Avoid the discussions as far as possible.
Maintain an assertive posture on the part of educators
and parents (the "be back" but to be deeply flooded).
Search for compromise and negotiation rather than
confrontation. Put in place of another in evolutionary
time, as impulsivity or antidependencia features without
losing the papers provided by the experience of life
seems one of the keys to this work. The behavior can be
modified to the extent that it is possible to strengthen
cooperative and ignore it when it is provocative.
Parents, teachers and other agents of socialization can
develop a very important role. Particularly in reviewing
aggressive behavior patterns, and discovering their
sequences are implemented. This will act before it
starts, and keep consuming the undesirable behavior
pattern.
Couples
In the short
term, leaving them with calm. Concentrate on your
breathing using self hypnosis. Develop thoughts in
private. Use humor. Leave home and do some activity or
exercise. Restrict the area of what this debate does not
include avoiding past problems. Restored calm, sit down
and talk quietly. Physical relationships can have their
moment when the situation is resolved but should not be a
substitute for the resolution of the problem.
A long-term
challenge attitudes. Do not automatically put the blame
on yourself or a partner. Discuss the issue in conflict
during times of calm, not when there is anger. Afford to
give the reason as possible to be. Cultivating free
without aggressiveness or assertiveness unnecessary.
Cognitive techniques such as relaxation and visualization
can be used preventively addressed in training.
