Alexander, L. (1967b)
Psychotherapy of sexual deviation with the aids of
hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 9:181 -
183.
SUBJECT: 1 male,
married
METHOD: Clinical
hypnosis and psychotherapy
RESULTS: Free from
same-sex desires, no longer regarded as gay by other
same-sex men, closer to wife, better sexual relations,
disappearance of effeminate mannerisms.
___________________________________________________ SUBJECTS: 19 males
METHOD: Treated with
aversive instrumental conditioning with shock.
RESULTS: 13/18 (72%)
are changed or somewhat changed; at one year follow-up
1/10 much improved, 4/10 improved
Bancroft, J. (1970) A
comparative study of aversion and desensitization in the
treatment of homosexuality (in Burns, L. & Worsley,
J. Behavior Therapy in 1970's: A Collection of Original
Papers. Bristol, England: John Wright & Sons.) 12 -
33.
SUBJECTS: 23
males
METHOD: 11 treated by
systematic desensitization, 12 treated by aversive
instrumental conditioning with shock.
RESULTS: 3 men much
improved, 7 improved, considered as changes in sexual
orientation and behavior that are likely to continue.
(Aversion -- 1 much improved, 4 improved; Desensitization
-- 2 much improved, 3 improved)
________________________________________________ SUBJECT: 1
female
METHOD: Behavior
rehearsal, role playing, systematic desensitization to
heterosexuality, masturbatory conditioning
RESULTS: Heterosexual
behavior and images.
___________________________________________________ SUBJECTS: 2
males
METHODS: Covert
sensitization in vivo
RESULTS: No homosexual
behavior.
Cautela, J., Wisocki,
P. (1969) The use of male and female therapists in the
treatment of same-sex behavior (in Rubin, R., Franks, C.
Advances in behavior therapy. NY: Academic Press.) 165 -
174.
SUBJECTS: 4
males
METHOD: Systematic
desensitization in vivo, covert sensitization,
assertiveness training
RESULTS: 1 married; 1
engaged; 2 dating.
Cautela, J. (1970)
Covert reinforcement.
Cautela, J. (1971a)
Covert extinction. Behavior Therapy. 2: 192 -200. [in
James 1978]
Cautela, J, Wisocki, P.
(1971b) Covert sensitization for the treatment of sexual
deviation. Psychological Record. 21: 37 - 48.
SUBJECTS: 8
males
METHOD: Covert
sensitization.
RESULTS: 3 changed
(37%) year follow up. SUBJECT: 1 male
METHOD: Aversive
instrumental conditioning in vivo and marital
counseling
RESULTS: Marriage
improved substantially
___________________________________________________ SUBJECTS: 3
males
METHOD: Masturbatory
conditioning
RESULTS: 1 no longer
bothered by gay thoughts; 1 pleased by successful
heterosexual relations; 1 heterosexual interests. SUBJECT: 1 male,
married
METHOD: Covert
sensitization in vivo, aversion relief
conditioning
RESULTS: Complete
abstinence of homosexuality in fantasy and reality,
marriage improved
___________________________________________________ Feldman, M., Mac
Culloch, (1965) The application of anticipatory avoidance
learning to the treatment of homosexuality. Behaviour
Research & Therapy. 2: 165 - 183.
Feldman, M.,
MacCulloch, M. (1971) same-sex Behavior: Therapy and
Assessment. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
SUBJECTS: 41 males, 7
females.
METHOD: Anticipatory
avoidance conditioning, aversion relief conditioning
therapy. ____________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Bancroft, J., Marks, I. (1968) Electric aversion therapy
of sexual deviations. Proceedings Royal Society of
Medicine. 61:796 -799
Blitch, J., Haynes, S. (1972) Multiple behavioral
techniques in a case of female homosexuality. Journal of
Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 3:319 -
322.
Cautela, J. (1967) Covert sensitization. Psychological
Reports. 20: 459 - 469
___________________________________________________
Colson, S. (1972) Olfactory aversion therapy for same-sex
behavior. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental
Psychiatry. 3: 185 - 187.
Conrad, S., Wincze, J. (1976) Orgasmic reconditioning: A
controlled study of its effects upon the sexual arousal
and behavior of adult male gay men. Behavior Therapy. 7:
155 -166.
___________________________________________________
Curtis, R., Presly, A. (1972) The extinction of same-sex
behavior by covert sensitization: A case study. Behavior
Research and Therapy 10:81 - 83.
Feldman, S. (1956) On homosexuality (in Lorand, S.,
Balint, M. Perversions: Psychodynamics and Therapy. NY:
Random House.) 71 - 96.
RESULTS: "Treatment... was successful in nearly 60% of
the cases after a follow-up of at least a year."
At follow-up 20 neither same-sex fantasy or practice; 4
still using same-sex fantasy
DEFINITION OF CHANGE: "Our criteria for accepting the
occurrence of change were severe, and we have attempted
to prove patients' claims to be false rather than
accepting them at face value. Failure to appear was rated
as a failure.
___________________________________________________
Fookes, B (1968) Some experiences in the use of aversion
therapy in male homosexuality, exhibitionism and
fetishism-transvestitism. The British Journal of
Psychiatry. 115: 339 - 341.
SUBJECTS: 15 males
METHOD: Aversive classical conditioning with shock
RESULTS: 9 successes defined as unrefuted claim to have
lost desire for homosexuality, supported claim to have
enjoyed heterosexual coitus on more than 1 occasion.
Average follow-up of successes 37.5 months.
___________________________________________________
Freeman, W., Meyer, R. (1975) A behavioral alteration of
sexual preferences in the human male. Behavior Therapy.
6: 206 - 212.
ABSTRACT: "Sexual behavior is analyzed as a complex
social episode composed of alternating instrumental and
respondent behaviors. The type of sexual consummatory
behavior selected by an individual is mainly a function
of the type of stimuli eliciting sexual arousal and
penile erection. A therapy was designed to alter the
arousal eliciting stimuli for nine male same-sex men by
classical conditioning techniques."
SUBJECTS: 9 males
METHOD: Aversive classical conditioning with shock
RESULTS: At 18 months follow-up, 7 continued exclusive
heterosexual adjustment
___________________________________________________
Freund, K. (1960) Some problems in the treatment of
homosexuality (in Eysenck, H. Behavior Therapy and
Neurosis. London: Pergamon Press) 312 - 326.
SUBJECTS: 67 males (20 were court referred cases)
METHOD: Aversive classic conditioning with drugs
RESULTS: 17 (26%) of the 47 non-court referred and 0% of
the court-referred showed adaptation lasting several
years. 7 (15%) of the non-court referred and 3% of the
court-referred showed short term change in
adaptation.
Freund, K. (1971) A note on the use of phallometric
method of measuring mild sexual arousal in the male.
Behavior Therapy. 2: 223 -228.
___________________________________________________
Gray, J. (1970) Case conference: Behavior therapy in a
patient with same-sex fantasies and heterosexual anxiety.
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry.
1: 225 - 232.
SUBJECT: 1 male
METHOD: Systematic desensitization
RESULTS: Partial recovery
___________________________________________________
Hallam, R., Rachman, S. (1972) Some effects of aversion
therapy on patients with sexual disorders. Behavior
Research and Therapy. 10: 171 - 180.
SUBJECTS: 3 males
METHOD: Systematic desensitization
RESULTS: 1 improved; 2 remained homosexually active
___________________________________________________
Hanson, R., Adesso, V. (1972) A multiple behavioral
approach to male same-sex behavior: A case study. Journal
of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 3: 323 -
325
SUBJECTS: 1 male
METHOD: Systematic desensitization
RESULTS: At 6 months continued enjoying heterosexual
activity, same-sex inclination negligible
______________________________________________________-
Ince, L. (1973) Behavior modification of sexual
disorders. American Journal of Psychotherapy. 27: 446 -
451.
SUBJECTS: 1 male
METHOD: Covert sensitization
RESULTS: Felt sexually neutral
___________________________________________________=
James, B. (1962) A case of homosexuality treated by
aversion therapy. British Medical Journal. 1:768 -
770
James, B., Early, D. (1963) Aversion therapy for
homosexuality. British Medical Journal. 1:538.
Follow up of previous articles
SUBJECTS: 1 male
METHOD: Aversive classical conditioning with shock
RESULTS: 18 month follow-up no recurrence of same-sex
drives, some same-sex attraction.
___________________________________________________
Kraft, T. (1967) A case of homosexuality treated by
systemic desensitization. American Journal of
Psychotherapy. 21: 815 - 821.
SUBJECTS: 1 male
METHOD: Systematic desensitization
RESULTS: 9 months follow-up, no recurrence of same-sex
desires, desires heterosexual intercourse.
Kraft (1970)
THEORY: "Desensitization techniques are preferable to
aversion techniques because they promote the
incorporation of heterosexual activity as opposed to
merely the elimination of same-sex attraction."
Kraft, T., (1971) A case of homosexuality treated by
combined behavior therapy and psychotherapy: A total
assessment. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 19: 342 -
358.
SUBJECTS: 1 male
METHOD: Systematic desensitization and psychoanalytic
treatment
RESULTS: same-sex thoughts had disappeared, better
general adjustment.
__________________________________________
Levin, S., Hirsh, T., Shugar, G., Kapche, R. (1968)
Treatment of same-sex and heterosexual anxiety with
avoidance conditioning and systematic desensitization:
Data and case report. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research,
and Practice. 5: 160 -168.
SUBJECT: 1 male
METHOD: Avoidance conditioning
RESULTS: Satisfactory heterosexual relations with
occasional same-sex fantasy.
___________________________________________________
LoPiccolo, J. (1971) Case study: Systematic
desensitization of homosexuality. Behavior Therapy. 2:
394 - 399.
SUBJECTS: 1 male
METHOD: Systematic desensitization
RESULTS: Heterosexually active, no same-sex urges at 11
month follow-up.
___________________________________________________
Maletzky, B., George, F. (1973b) The treatment of
homosexuality by 'assisted' covert sensitization.
Behavior Research and Therapy. 11: 655 - 657.
SUBJECTS: 10 males
METHOD: Covert sensitization
RESULTS: 4 passed temptation test at follow-up (one of
these required 10 booster sessions.)
___________________________________________________
Mandel, K.(1970) Preliminary report on a new aversion
therapy for male same-sex men. Behavior Research and
Therapy. 8: 93 - 95.
SUBJECTS: 2 males
METHOD: Aversive classical conditioning.
RESULTS: Improvement, but concerned about possible
relapse.
___________________________________________________
Marquis, J. (1970) Orgasmic reconditioning: Changing
sexual object choice through controlling masturbation
fantasies. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental
Psychiatry. 1: 263 - 271.
SUBJECTS: 6 males, 1 female
METHOD: Masturbatory conditioning and other methods
RESULTS: Female achieved satisfying relationship with
man. Males saw improvement but with relapses
___________________________________________________
Mastellone, M. (1974) Aversion therapy: A new use for the
old rubber band. Journal of Behavior Therapy and
Experimental Psychiatry. 5: 311 - 312.
SUBJECTS: 1 male
METHOD: Aversive instrumental conditioning
RESULTS: Heterosexual activity
___________________________________________________
Master, W., Johnson, V. (1979) Homosexuality in
Perspective. Boston: Little Brown, Co.
SUBJECTS: 67 gaymen, 14 lesbians who requested reversion
therapy to heterosexuals
METHOD: Sexual training
RESULTS: Success rate of 71.6% after a follow-up of six
years.
THERAPY: "No longer should the qualified psychotherapist
avoid the responsibility of either accepting the same-sex
client in treatment or... referring him or her to an
acceptable treatment source."
___________________________________________________
McConaghy, N. (1969) Subjective and penile plethysmograph
responses following aversion-relief and apomorphine
aversion therapy for same-sex impulses. British Journal
of Psychiatry. 115 : 723 - 730.
SUBJECTS: Total 40 - 20 drug therapy group (10 males + 10
males in a delayed therapy control group); 20 shock
therapy (10 males + 10 males in delayed therapy control
group)
METHOD: Aversive classical conditioning with drugs
compared to aversive classical conditioning with
shock.
RESULTS: After treatment, 27 of the patients were rated
as more heterosexual, 9 as more same-sex. Final outcome:
10 marked improvement; 15 some improvement; 10 no
improvement; 5 lost to follow-up.
McConaghy, N. (1971) Aversion therapy of samesexity:
Measures of efficacy. American Journal of Psychiatry.
127, 9 : 1221 - 1224.
McConaghy, N., Barr, R., (1973) Classical, avoidance and
backward conditioning treatments of homosexuality. The
British Journal of Psychiatry. 122: 151 - 162.
SUBJECTS: 46 males
METHOD: 31 treated with aversive classical conditioning
with shock; 15 with avoidance conditioning
RESULTS: At 9 month follow-up 13 had an increase in
heterosexual desire. 25% ceased same-sex relations
McConaghy, N. (1975) Aversive and positive conditioning
treatments of homosexuality. Behavior Research and
Therapy. 13: 309 - 319.
SUBJECTS: 16 males aversive conditioning, 15 males
positive conditioning
METHOD: Aversive classical conditioning with shock
compared to positive conditioning.
RESULTS: At one year follow-up - 14 reported an increase
in heterosexual desire, 7 reported an increase in
heterosexual relations.
___________________________________________________
McCrady, R., (1973) A forward-fading technique for
increasing heterosexual responsiveness in male same-sex.
Journal of Behavior therapy and Experimental Psychiatry.
4:257 - 261.
SUBJECTS: 1 male
METHOD: Forward fading and group therapy
RESULTS: Remained homosexually active
CASE: Successful treatment of a 27-year-old gay man who
had occasional same-sex experiences from the age 16.
However, "for both moral and practical reasons, when he
entered therapy, he was highly motivated to increase his
heterosexual behavior (and to decrease his same-sex
behavior)" McCrady showed the client a nude female and
then faded the image into a nude male. During the course
of therapy, the client began referring to himself by
saying, "when I used to be same-sex."
___________________________________________________
Myerson, A., Neustadt, R. (1946) Essential male
homosexuality and results of treatment. AMA Archives of
Neurology and Psychiatry. 55:291 - 293.
SUBJECT: 15 males (essential same-sex men)
METHOD: Treatment with methyl testosterone
RESULTS: 1 reported same-sex feelings disappeared
___________________________________________________
Philips, D., Fischer, S., Groves, G., Singh, R.(1976)
Alternative behavioral approaches to the treatment of
homosexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 5: 223
-228.
SUBJECT: 31-year-old same-sex man who requested sexual
reorientation because the gay world was losing its
appeal. The client experienced anxiety concerning
heterosexual physical contact.
METHOD: Therapy used two desensitization hierarchies.
RESULTS: Client able to initiate heterosexual contact and
at 18 months follow-up reported no same-gender sexual
activity.
___________________________________________________
Rehm, L., Rozensky, R. (1974) Multiple behavior therapy
techniques with a same-sex client: A case study. Journal
of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 5: 53 -
57.
SUBJECT: 1 male
METHOD: Various forms of behavior modification, including
hypnosis
RESULTS: No same-sex activity, heterosexual dating
___________________________________________________
Roper, P. (1967) The effects of hypnotherapy on
homosexuality. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 96:
Feb., 11: 319 - 327
ABSTRACT: "Fifteen same-sex men were treated with
hypnosis. The patients were selected from a general
psychiatric practice and had a long history of confirmed
homosexual behavior and showed no evidence of organic or
psychotic illness. The type of hypnotic induction
attempted in all cases is described. In those where a
satisfactory depth of hypnotic trance was achieved a
change in sexual orientation was suggested to the
patient."
CHANGE: "Before therapy, each patient was assessed using
the Kinsey scale. Results were evaluated in terms of the
patient's subsequent behavior and his subjective feelings
. Of the 15 patients, three showed no improvement, four
showed a mild improvement and eight showed a marked
improvement. There as a significant correlation between
the depth of hypnosis achieved and the therapeutic
outcome. Those patients who reached a deep level of
hypnotic trance were most likely to show a marked
improvement. There were no significant correlation's with
other factors such as degree of homosexuality as measured
on the Knsey scale and the patient's marital status."
"Treatment of same-sex men with hypnosis may produce more
satisfactory results than those obtained by other means.
The best results are likely to be achieved with patients
who are good hypnotic subjects." The deeper the hypnosis
more likely improvement.
SUBJECTS: 15 males
METHOD: Hypnosis
RESULTS: 3 no improvement; 4 mild improvement; 8 marked
improvement.
Roper, Rozensky (1974)
SUBJECTS: 13 males
METHOD: Hypnosis
RESULTS: Homosexuality no longer attractive, dating
female
___________________________________________________
Salter, Melville (1972)
SUBJECT: 1 male
METHOD: Masturbatory conditioning
RESULTS: Client satisfied with change
___________________________________________________
Sandford, D., Tustin, R., Priest, P. (1975) Increasing
heterosexual arousal in two adult male homosexuals using
a differential reinforcement procedure. Behavior Therapy.
6: 689 - 693.
SUBJECTS: 2 males
METHOD: Aversive and positive instrumental conditioning
with shock
RESULTS: Lost desire for same-sex contact, aroused at
sight of women
___________________________________________________
Schmidt, E., Castell, D., Brown, P. (1965) A
retrospective study of 42 cases of behavior therapy.
Behavior Research and Therapy. 3: 9 - 19.
SUBJECTS: 9 same-sex subjects
METHOD: Behavior therapy
RESULTS: 3 marked improvement
___________________________________________________
Schwartz, M., Masters, W. (1984) The Masters and Johnson
treatment program for dissatisfied same-sex men. American
Journal of Psychiatry. 141: 173 - 181.
SUBJECTS: Individuals who want to change same-sex
preference
METHOD: Psychotherapy - short term intensive
intervention
RESULTS: Failure rate after intervention - 20.9%, after 5
year follow-up - 28.4%
CASE: 25 year-old-man had first same-sex experience at 13
arranged by lesbian mother with older gay man. Complete
change of orientation.
RELIGION: "A common situation is that of the man who
accepts the Biblical dictum that homosexuality is a sin.
He feels guilty each time he has a same-sex experience.
No matter how the man is encouraged to understand the
unfolding of his homosexuality, he says, "Yes, but it is
a sin." Such a man may be helped to 1) realize that there
are different theological interpretations of the Bible,
2) understand that he is using his religion to castigate
himself, or 3) see that he is playing games with his
religion by using confession as permission to do what he
considers to be a sin. Restricting of the belief that
homosexuality is a sin is necessary before the man in
therapy can make heterosexuality a "want-to" rather than
"have-to" goal. (178)
CHOICE: "... to ignore the goals of clients who want to
change their preference is both paradoxical and
prejudiced. The paradoxical messages is "You are a
same-sex and have to learn to live with it," which is
contradictory to a major research finding of the last
decade: Homosexuality is simply a descriptive term
applied to a person who has a preference for same-sex
romantic and sexual consorts.
"The Institute does not subscribe to the concept that all
homosexuals could or should establish heterosexual
intimacy. This in not, however, because homosexuality
causes in some people and is therefore resistant to
change. The current position is that if and when
demonstrable biologic influences are firmly established
there is no evidence that they will systematically affect
prognosis in therapy. Environmental influences may be
demonstrated to be equally influential or non influential
in polarizing sexual development."
CHANGE: "Beyond low levels of patient motivation and
unattractive or disturbed partners, there are no secure
indicators of poor prognosis for therapy. We have not
found that presence or absence of previous gay or
heterosexual experience or imagery can affect prognosis
in a predictable way. Attention is focused on improving
therapists' skills rather than identifying certain groups
of patients as poor risks. In the absence of secure data
or well established prognostic indicators, it is obvious
that the strongest positive predictor of successful
conversion or reversion therapy is the patient's
rejection of homosexual identity and an unambivalent
desire to pursue heterosexuality." (180)
___________________________________________________
Solyom, L., Miller, S. (1965) A differential conditioning
procedure as the initial phase of behavior therapy of
homosexuality. Behavior Research and Therapy. 3: 147 -
160.
SUBJECTS: 10 practicing homosexuals, 6 latent
homosexuals
METHOD: Behavior therapy
RESULTS: Practicing (3 marked improvement.) Latent (5
marked improvement, 1 moderate improvement.)
Stevenson, I., Wolpe, J. (1960) Recovery from sexual
deviations through overcoming non-sexual neurotic
responses. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 116: 737 -
742
SUBJECTS: 2 males
METHOD: Assertiveness training
RESULTS: Both married, one had homosexual relapse under
stress
CASE: Use of reeducation and assertiveness training in
the successful reorientation of two gay men. In one case
the authors describe a 22-year old man whose same-gender
sexual experience began at age 14. The client had begun
to consider himself exclusively same-sex and viewed
counseling as his last possibility before accepting this
conclusion. The counselor suggested to the man that he
may have been "premature in assigning himself to the
group of permanent homosexuals" and that the man's
same-sex activity " was chiefly drive by a wish for
friendly companionship with other men. After 10 sessions
of encouragement of assertive behavior, the client
terminated with plans to marry. The man reported
heterosexual adjustments at a 3-year follow-up.
Tarlow, G. (1989) Clinical Handbook of Behavior Therapy:
Adult Psychological Disorders. Brookline MA: Brookline
Books.
Tanner, B. (1973) Shock intensity and fear of shock in
the modification of same-sex behavior in males by
avoidance learning. Behavior Research and Therapy. 11:
213 - 218.
SUBJECTS: 12 males
METHOD: Anticipatory avoidance conditioning
RESULTS: Outcome seen as change in penile
circumference
Tanner, B. (1974) A comparison of automated aversive
conditioning and waiting list control in the modification
of same-sex behavior in males. Behavior Therapy. 5: 29
-32.
SUBJECTS: 6 males
METHODS: Anticipatory avoidance conditioning
Tanner, B., (1975) Avoidance training with and without
booster sessions to modify same-sex behavior in males.
Behavior Therapy. 6: 649 - 653.
SUBJECTS: 5 males
METHOD: Booster sessions for previous therapy
RESULTS: No significant differences between those
receiving booster sessions and those not.
___________________________________________________
Turner, R., Pielmaier, H., James, S., Orwin, A. (1974)
Personality characteristics of male homosexuals referred
for aversion therapy: A comparative study. British
Journal Psychiatry. 125: 447 - 449.
SUBJECTS: 51 gay men referred for treatment; 59
non-patient homosexuals (41 had never sought treatment,
18 had previously done so.)Patients were "markedly
neurotic".
RESULTS: Significant differences were found.
Thompson, G. (1949) Electroshock and other therapeutic
considerations in sexual psychopath. The Journal of
Nervous and Mental disease. 109 : 531 -539.
SUBJECTS: 3 males, with other serious psychological
problems
METHOD: Electric shock therapy
RESULTS: Did not change same-sex drive. Other areas
somewhat improved
___________________________________________________
Thorpe, J., Schmidt, E. (1964) Therapeutic failure in a
case of aversion therapy. Behavior Research and Therapy.
1: 293 - 296.
SUBJECT: 1 male, same-sex fantasy no behavior
METHOD: Aversive classic conditioning with shock
RESULTS: Client was very upset by treatments and
terminated
Thorpe, J., Schmidt, E., Castell, D. (1963) A comparison
of positive and negative (aversive) conditioning in the
treatment of homosexuality. Behavior Research and
Therapy. 1:357 - 362.
SUBJECT: 1 male
METHOD: Masturbatory conditioning and aversive classic
conditioning with shock
RESULTS: Small change with relapses
von Schrenck-Notzing, A (1895) Therapeutic suggestion (in
Psychopathia Sexualis. Philadelphia: Davis.) 320
CHANGE: One of the first studies of the treatment of
homosexuality. Used hypnosis on 70 male patients. The
hypnotic suggestion consisted of commanding the patient
to suppress perverse practices and ideas, to think of
perversion as repulsive and to think of heterosexual
objects as attractive. This mode of treatment seemingly a
forerunner of modern behavioral therapy, was reported to
achieve 37.5 per cent cures and another 34 per cent
improvement. The criterion of cure was the patient's
ability to have heterosexual intercourse.
METHOD: Collected data from a number of different
psychiatrists of 27 patients treated with hypnosis, 21
had a "cure" or great improvement of these, 19 reached a
deep or moderate depth of hypnosis.
SUBJECTS: 27 patients
METHOD: Hypnosis
RESULTS: 21 cure or great improvement
___________________________________________________
Wilson, G., Davison, G. (1974) Behavior therapy and
homosexuality: A critical perspective. Behavior Therapy.
5: 16 - 17.
