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Alexander, L. (1967b) Psychotherapy of
sexual deviation with the aids of hypnosis. American
Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 9:181 - 183. SUBJECT: 1 male, married METHOD: Clinical hypnosis and
psychotherapy RESULTS: Free from homosexual desires,
no longer regarded as homosexual by other homosexuals,
closer to wife, better sexual relations, disappearance of
effeminate mannerisms. ___________________________________________________ Bancroft, J., Marks, I. (1968)
Electric aversion therapy of sexual deviations.
Proceedings Royal Society of Medicine. 61:796
-799 SUBJECTS: 19 males including 3
pedophiles METHOD: Treated with aversive
instrumental conditioning with shock. RESULTS: 13/18 (72%) are changed or
somewhat changed; at one year follow-up 1/10 much
improved, 4/10 improved Bancroft, J. (1970) A comparative
study of aversion and desensitization in the treatment of
homosexuality (in Burns, L. & Worsley, J. Behavior
Therapy in 1970's: A Collection of Original Papers.
Bristol, England: John Wright & Sons.) 12 -
33. SUBJECTS: 23 males METHOD: 11 treated by systematic
desensitization, 12 treated by aversive instrumental
conditioning with shock. RESULTS: 3 men much improved, 7
improved, considered as changes in sexual orientation and
behavior that are likely to continue. (Aversion -- 1 much
improved, 4 improved; Desensitization -- 2 much improved,
3 improved) ________________________________________________ Blitch, J., Haynes, S. (1972) Multiple
behavioral techniques in a case of female homosexuality.
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry.
3:319 - 322. SUBJECT: 1 female METHOD: Behavior rehearsal, role
playing, systematic desensitization to heterosexuality,
masturbatory conditioning RESULTS: Heterosexual behavior and
images. ___________________________________________________ Cautela, J. (1967) Covert
sensitization. Psychological Reports. 20: 459 -
469 SUBJECTS: 2 males METHODS: Covert sensitization in
vivo RESULTS: No homosexual
behavior. Cautela, J., Wisocki, P. (1969) The
use of male and female therapists in the treatment of
homosexual behavior (in Rubin, R., Franks, C. Advances in
behavior therapy. NY: Academic Press.) 165 -
174. SUBJECTS: 4 males METHOD: Systematic desensitization in
vivo, covert sensitization, assertiveness
training RESULTS: 1 married; 1 engaged; 2
dating. Cautela, J. (1970) Covert
reinforcement. Cautela, J. (1971a) Covert extinction.
Behavior Therapy. 2: 192 -200. [in James
1978] Cautela, J., Wisocki, P. (1971b)
Covert sensitization for the treatment of sexual
deviation. Psychological Record. 21: 37 - 48. SUBJECTS: 8 males METHOD: Covert
sensitization. RESULTS: 3 changed (37%) year follow
up. ___________________________________________________ Colson, S. (1972) Olfactory aversion
therapy for homosexual behavior. Journal of Behavior
Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 3: 185 -
187. SUBJECT: 1 male METHOD: Aversive instrumental
conditioning in vivo and marital counseling RESULTS: Marriage improved
substantially ___________________________________________________ Conrad, S., Wincze, J. (1976) Orgasmic
reconditioning: A controlled study of its effects upon
the sexual arousal and behavior of adult male
homosexuals. Behavior Therapy. 7: 155 -166. SUBJECTS: 3 males METHOD: Masturbatory
conditioning RESULTS: 1 no longer bothered by
homosexual thoughts; 1 pleased by successful heterosexual
relations; 1 heterosexual interests. ___________________________________________________ Curtis, R., Presly, A. (1972) The
extinction of homosexual behavior by covert
sensitization: A case study. Behavior Research and
Therapy 10:81 - 83. SUBJECT: 1 male, married METHOD: Covert sensitization in vivo,
aversion relief conditioning RESULTS: Complete abstinence of
homosexuality in fantasy and reality, marriage
improved ___________________________________________________ Feldman, S. (1956) On homosexuality
(in Lorand, S., Balint, M. Perversions: Psychodynamics
and Therapy. NY: Random House.) 71 - 96. Feldman, M., Mac Culloch, (1965) The
application of anticipatory avoidance learning to the
treatment of homosexuality. Behaviour Research &
Therapy. 2: 165 - 183. Feldman, M., MacCulloch, M. (1971)
Homosexual Behavior: Therapy and Assessment. Oxford:
Pergamon Press. SUBJECTS: 41 males, 7
females. METHOD: Anticipatory avoidance
conditioning, aversion relief conditioning
therapy. RESULTS: "Treatment... was successful
in nearly 60% of the cases after a follow-up of at least
a year." At follow-up 20 neither homosexual
fantasy or practice; 4 still using homosexual
fantasy DEFINITION OF CHANGE: "Our criteria
for accepting the occurrence of change were severe, and
we have attempted to prove patients' claims to be false
rather than accepting them at face value. Failure to
appear was rated as a failure. ___________________________________________________ Fookes, B (1968) Some experiences in
the use of aversion therapy in male homosexuality,
exhibitionism and fetishism-transvestitism. The British
Journal of Psychiatry. 115: 339 - 341. SUBJECTS: 15 males METHOD: Aversive classical
conditioning with shock RESULTS: 9 successes defined as
unrefuted claim to have lost desire for homosexuality,
supported claim to have enjoyed heterosexual coitus on
more than 1 occasion. Average follow-up of successes 37.5
months. ___________________________________________________ Freeman, W., Meyer, R. (1975) A
behavioral alteration of sexual preferences in the human
male. Behavior Therapy. 6: 206 - 212. ABSTRACT: "Sexual behavior is analyzed
as a complex social episode composed of alternating
instrumental and respondent behaviors. The type of sexual
consummatory behavior selected by an individual is mainly
a function of the type of stimuli eliciting sexual
arousal and penile erection. A therapy was designed to
alter the arousal eliciting stimuli for nine male
homosexuals by classical conditioning
techniques." SUBJECTS: 9 males METHOD: Aversive classical
conditioning with shock RESULTS: At 18 months follow-up, 7
continued exclusive heterosexual adjustment ___________________________________________________ Freund, K. (1960) Some problems in the
treatment of homosexuality (in Eysenck, H. Behavior
Therapy and Neurosis. London: Pergamon Press) 312 -
326. SUBJECTS: 67 males (20 were court
referred cases) METHOD: Aversive classic conditioning
with drugs RESULTS: 17 (26%) of the 47 non-court
referred and 0% of the court-referred showed adaptation
lasting several years. 7 (15%) of the non-court referred
and 3% of the court-referred showed short term change in
adaptation. Freund, K. (1971) A note on the use of
phallometric method of measuring mild sexual arousal in
the male. Behavior Therapy. 2: 223 -228. ___________________________________________________ Gray, J. (1970) Case conference:
Behavior therapy in a patient with homosexual fantasies
and heterosexual anxiety. Journal of Behavior Therapy and
Experimental Psychiatry. 1: 225 - 232. SUBJECT: 1 male METHOD: Systematic
desensitization RESULTS: Partial recovery ___________________________________________________ Hallam, R., Rachman, S. (1972) Some
effects of aversion therapy on patients with sexual
disorders. Behavior Research and Therapy. 10: 171 -
180. SUBJECTS: 3 males METHOD: Systematic
desensitization RESULTS: 1 improved; 2 remained
homosexually active ___________________________________________________ Hanson, R., Adesso, V. (1972) A
multiple behavioral approach to male homosexual behavior:
A case study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and
Experimental Psychiatry. 3: 323 - 325 SUBJECTS: 1 male METHOD: Systematic
desensitization RESULTS: At 6 months continued
enjoying heterosexual activity, homosexual inclination
negligible ______________________________________________________- Ince, L. (1973) Behavior modification
of sexual disorders. American Journal of Psychotherapy.
27: 446 - 451. SUBJECTS: 1 male METHOD: Covert
sensitization RESULTS: Felt sexually
neutral ___________________________________________________= James, B. (1962) A case of
homosexuality treated by aversion therapy. British
Medical Journal. 1:768 - 770 James, B., Early, D. (1963) Aversion
therapy for homosexuality. British Medical Journal.
1:538. Follow up of previous
articles SUBJECTS: 1 male METHOD: Aversive classical
conditioning with shock RESULTS: 18 month follow-up no
recurrence of homosexual drives, some homosexual
attraction. ___________________________________________________ Kraft, T. (1967) A case of
homosexuality treated by systemic desensitization.
American Journal of Psychotherapy. 21: 815 -
821. SUBJECTS: 1 male METHOD: Systematic
desensitization RESULTS: 9 months follow-up, no
recurrence of homosexual desires, desires heterosexual
intercourse. Kraft (1970) THEORY: "Desensitization techniques
are preferable to aversion techniques because they
promote the incorporation of heterosexual activity as
opposed to merely the elimination of homosexual
attraction." Kraft, T., (1971) A case of
homosexuality treated by combined behavior therapy and
psychotherapy: A total assessment. Psychotherapy and
Psychosomatics. 19: 342 - 358. SUBJECTS: 1 male METHOD: Systematic desensitization and
psychoanalytic treatment RESULTS: Homosexual thoughts had
disappeared, better general adjustment. __________________________________________ Levin, S., Hirsh, T., Shugar, G.,
Kapche, R. (1968) Treatment of homosexual and
heterosexual anxiety with avoidance conditioning and
systematic desensitization: Data and case report.
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice. 5: 160
-168. SUBJECT: 1 male METHOD: Avoidance
conditioning RESULTS: Satisfactory heterosexual
relations with occasional homosexual fantasy. ___________________________________________________ LoPiccolo, J. (1971) Case study:
Systematic desensitization of homosexuality. Behavior
Therapy. 2: 394 - 399. SUBJECTS: 1 male METHOD: Systematic
desensitization RESULTS: Heterosexually active, no
homosexual urges at 11 month follow-up. ___________________________________________________ Maletzky, B., George, F. (1973b) The
treatment of homosexuality by 'assisted' covert
sensitization. Behavior Research and Therapy. 11: 655 -
657. SUBJECTS: 10 males METHOD: Covert
sensitization RESULTS: 4 passed temptation test at
follow-up (one of these required 10 booster
sessions.) ___________________________________________________ Mandel, K.(1970) Preliminary report on
a new aversion therapy for male homosexuals. Behavior
Research and Therapy. 8: 93 - 95. SUBJECTS: 2 males METHOD: Aversive classical
conditioning. RESULTS: Improvement, but concerned
about possible relapse. ___________________________________________________ Marquis, J. (1970) Orgasmic
reconditioning: Changing sexual object choice through
controlling masturbation fantasies. Journal of Behavior
Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1: 263 -
271. SUBJECTS: 6 males, 1 female METHOD: Masturbatory conditioning and
other methods RESULTS: Female achieved satisfying
relationship with man. Males saw improvement but with
relapses ___________________________________________________ Mastellone, M. (1974) Aversion
therapy: A new use for the old rubber band. Journal of
Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 5: 311 -
312. SUBJECTS: 1 male METHOD: Aversive instrumental
conditioning RESULTS: Heterosexual
activity ___________________________________________________ Master, W., Johnson, V. (1979)
Homosexuality in Perspective. Boston: Little Brown,
Co. SUBJECTS: 67 homosexuals, 14 lesbians
who requested reversion therapy to
heterosexuals METHOD: Sexual training RESULTS: Success rate of 71.6% after a
follow-up of six years. THERAPY: "No longer should the
qualified psychotherapist avoid the responsibility of
either accepting the homosexual client in treatment or...
referring him or her to an acceptable treatment
source." ___________________________________________________ McConaghy, N. (1969) Subjective and
penile plethysmograph responses following aversion-relief
and apomorphine aversion therapy for homosexual impulses.
British Journal of Psychiatry. 115 : 723 -
730. SUBJECTS: Total 40 - 20 drug therapy
group (10 males + 10 males in a delayed therapy control
group); 20 shock therapy (10 males + 10 males in delayed
therapy control group) METHOD: Aversive classical
conditioning with drugs compared to aversive classical
conditioning with shock. RESULTS: After treatment, 27 of the
patients were rated as more heterosexual, 9 as more
homosexual. Final outcome: 10 marked improvement; 15 some
improvement; 10 no improvement; 5 lost to
follow-up. McConaghy, N. (1971) Aversion therapy
of homosexuality: Measures of efficacy. American Journal
of Psychiatry. 127, 9 : 1221 - 1224. McConaghy, N., Barr, R., (1973)
Classical, avoidance and backward conditioning treatments
of homosexuality. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 122:
151 - 162. SUBJECTS: 46 males METHOD: 31 treated with aversive
classical conditioning with shock; 15 with avoidance
conditioning RESULTS: At 9 month follow-up 13 had
an increase in heterosexual desire. 25% ceased homosexual
relations McConaghy, N. (1975) Aversive and
positive conditioning treatments of homosexuality.
Behavior Research and Therapy. 13: 309 - 319. SUBJECTS: 16 males aversive
conditioning, 15 males positive conditioning METHOD: Aversive classical
conditioning with shock compared to positive
conditioning. RESULTS: At one year follow-up - 14
reported an increase in heterosexual desire, 7 reported
an increase in heterosexual relations. ___________________________________________________ McCrady, R., (1973) A forward-fading
technique for increasing heterosexual responsiveness in
male homosexuals. Journal of Behavior therapy and
Experimental Psychiatry. 4:257 - 261. SUBJECTS: 1 male METHOD: Forward fading and group
therapy RESULTS: Remained homosexually
active CASE: Successful treatment of a
27-year-old gay man who had occasional same-sex
experiences from the age 16. However, "for both moral and
practical reasons, when he entered therapy, he was highly
motivated to increase his heterosexual behavior (and to
decrease his homosexual behavior)" McCrady showed the
client a nude female and then faded the image into a nude
male. During the course of therapy, the client began
referring to himself by saying, "when I used to be
homosexual." ___________________________________________________ Myerson, A., Neustadt, R. (1946)
Essential male homosexuality and results of treatment.
AMA Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry. 55:291 -
293. SUBJECT: 15 males (essential
homosexuals) METHOD: Treatment with methyl
testosterone RESULTS: 1 reported homosexual
feelings disappeared ___________________________________________________ Philips, D., Fischer, S., Groves, G.,
Singh, R.(1976) Alternative behavioral approaches to the
treatment of homosexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior.
5: 223 -228. SUBJECT: 31-year-old homosexual man
who requested sexual reorientation because the gay world
was losing its appeal. The client experienced anxiety
concerning heterosexual physical contact. METHOD: Therapy used two
desensitization hierarchies. RESULTS: Client able to initiate
heterosexual contact and at 18 months follow-up reported
no same-gender sexual activity. ___________________________________________________ Rehm, L., Rozensky, R. (1974) Multiple
behavior therapy techniques with a homosexual client: A
case study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental
Psychiatry. 5: 53 - 57. SUBJECT: 1 male METHOD: Various forms of behavior
modification, including hypnosis RESULTS: No homosexual activity,
heterosexual dating ___________________________________________________ Roper, P. (1967) The effects of
hypnotherapy on homosexuality. Canadian Medical
Association Journal. 96: Feb., 11: 319 - 327 ABSTRACT: "Fifteen homosexuals were
treated with hypnosis. The patients were selected from a
general psychiatric practice and had a long history of
confirmed homosexual behavior and showed no evidence of
organic or psychotic illness. The type of hypnotic
induction attempted in all cases is described. In those
where a satisfactory depth of hypnotic trance was
achieved a change in sexual orientation was suggested to
the patient." CHANGE: "Before therapy, each patient
was assessed using the Kinsey scale. Results were
evaluated in terms of the patient's subsequent behavior
and his subjective feelings . Of the 15 patients, three
showed no improvement, four showed a mild improvement and
eight showed a marked improvement. There as a significant
correlation between the depth of hypnosis achieved and
the therapeutic outcome. Those patients who reached a
deep level of hypnotic trance were most likely to show a
marked improvement. There were no significant
correlations with other factors such as degree of
homosexuality as measured on the Knsey scale and the
patient's marital status." "Treatment of homosexuals with
hypnosis may produce more satisfactory results than those
obtained by other means. The best results are likely to
be achieved with patients who are good hypnotic
subjects." The deeper the hypnosis more likely
improvement. SUBJECTS: 15 males METHOD: Hypnosis RESULTS: 3 no improvement; 4 mild
improvement; 8 marked improvement. Roper, Rozensky (1974) SUBJECTS: 13 males METHOD: Hypnosis RESULTS: Homosexuality no longer
attractive, dating female ___________________________________________________ Salter, Melville (1972) SUBJECT: 1 male METHOD: Masturbatory
conditioning RESULTS: Client satisfied with
change ___________________________________________________ Sandford, D., Tustin, R., Priest, P.
(1975) Increasing heterosexual arousal in two adult male
homosexuals using a differential reinforcement procedure.
Behavior Therapy. 6: 689 - 693. SUBJECTS: 2 males METHOD: Aversive and positive
instrumental conditioning with shock RESULTS: Lost desire for homosexual
contact, aroused at sight of women ___________________________________________________ Schmidt, E., Castell, D., Brown, P.
(1965) A retrospective study of 42 cases of behavior
therapy. Behavior Research and Therapy. 3: 9 -
19. SUBJECTS: 9 homosexual
subjects METHOD: Behavior therapy RESULTS: 3 marked
improvement ___________________________________________________ Schwartz, M., Masters, W. (1984) The
Masters and Johnson treatment program for dissatisfied
homosexual men. American Journal of Psychiatry. 141: 173
- 181. SUBJECTS: Individuals who want to
change homosexual preference METHOD: Psychotherapy - short term
intensive intervention RESULTS: Failure rate after
intervention - 20.9%, after 5 year follow-up -
28.4% CASE: 25 year-old-man had first
homosexual experience at 13 arranged by lesbian mother
with older gay man. Complete change of
orientation. RELIGION: "A common situation is that
of the man who accepts the Biblical dictum that
homosexuality is a sin. He feels guilty each time he has
a homosexual experience. No matter how the man is
encouraged to understand the unfolding of his
homosexuality, he says, "Yes, but it is a sin." Such a
man may be helped to 1) realize that there are different
theological interpretations of the Bible, 2) understand
that he is using his religion to castigate himself, or 3)
see that he is playing games with his religion by using
confession as permission to do what he considers to be a
sin. Restructing of the belief that homosexuality is a
sin is necessary before the man in therapy can make
heterosexuality a "want-to" rather than "have-to" goal.
(178) CHOICE: "... to ignore the goals of
clients who want to change their preference is both
paradoxical and prejudiced. The paradoxical messages is
"You are a homosexual and have to learn to live with it,"
which is contradictory to a major research finding of the
last decade: Homosexuality is simply a descriptive term
applied to a person who has a preference for same-sex
romantic and sexual consorts. "The Institute does not subscribe to
the concept that all homosexuals could or should
establish heterosexual intimacy. This in not, however,
because homosexuality causes in some people and is
therefore resistant to change. The current position is
that if and when demonstrable biologic influences are
firmly established there is no evidence that they will
systematically affect prognosis in therapy. Environmental
influences may be demonstrated to be equally influential
or noninfluential in polarizing sexual
development." CHANGE: "Beyond low levels of patient
motivation and unattractive or disturbed partners, there
are no secure indicators of poor prognosis for therapy.
We have not found that presence or absence of previous
homosexual or heterosexual experience or imagery can
affect prognosis in a predictable way. Attention is
focused on improving therapists' skills rather than
identifying certain groups of patients as poor risks. In
the absence of secure data or well established prognostic
indicators, it is obvious that the strongest positive
predictor of successful conversion or reversion therapy
is the patient's rejection of homosexual identity and an
unambivalent desire to pursue heterosexuality."
(180) ___________________________________________________ Solyom, L., Miller, S. (1965) A
differential conditioning procedure as the initial phase
of behavior therapy of homosexuality. Behavior Research
and Therapy. 3: 147 - 160. SUBJECTS: 10 practicing homosexuals, 6
latent homosexuals METHOD: Behavior therapy RESULTS: Practicing (3 marked
improvement.) Latent (5 marked improvement, 1 moderate
improvement.) ____________________________________ Stevenson, I., Wolpe, J. (1960)
Recovery from sexual deviations through overcoming
non-sexual neurotic responses. The American Journal of
Psychiatry. 116: 737 - 742 SUBJECTS: 2 males METHOD: Assertiveness
training RESULTS: Both married, one had
homosexual relapse under stress CASE: Use of reeducation and
assertiveness training in the successful reorientation of
two gay men. In one case the authors describe a 22-year
old man whose same-gender sexual experience began at age
14. The client had begun to consider himself exclusively
homosexual and viewed counseling as his last possibility
before accepting this conclusion. The counselor suggested
to the man that he may have been "premature in assigning
himself to the group of permanent homosexuals" and that
the man's homosexual activity " was chiefly drive by a
wish for friendly companionship with other men. After 10
sessions of encouragement of assertive behavior, the
client terminated with plans to marry. The man reported
heterosexual adjustments at a 3-year
follow-up. ___________________________________________________ Tarlow, G. (1989) Clinical Handbook of
Behavior Therapy: Adult Psychological Disorders.
Brookline MA: Brookline Books. ___________________________________________________ Tanner, B. (1973) Shock intensity and
fear of shock in the modification of homosexual behavior
in males by avoidance learning. Behavior Research and
Therapy. 11: 213 - 218. SUBJECTS: 12 males METHOD: Anticipatory avoidance
conditioning RESULTS: Outcome seen as change in
penile circumference Tanner, B. (1974) A comparison of
automated aversive conditioning and waiting list control
in the modification of homosexual behavior in males.
Behavior Therapy. 5: 29 -32. SUBJECTS: 6 males METHODS: Anticipatory avoidance
conditioning Tanner, B., (1975) Avoidance training
with and without booster sessions to modify homosexual
behavior in males. Behavior Therapy. 6: 649 -
653. SUBJECTS: 5 males METHOD: Booster sessions for previous
therapy RESULTS: No significant differences
between those receiving booster sessions and those
not. ___________________________________________________ Turner, R., Pielmaier, H., James, S.,
Orwin, A. (1974) Personality characteristics of male
homosexuals referred for aversion therapy: A comparative
study. British Journal Psychiatry. 125: 447 -
449. SUBJECTS: 51 homosexuals referred for
treatment; 59 non-patient homosexuals (41 had never
sought treatment, 18 had previously done so.)Patients
were "markedly neurotic". RESULTS: Significant differences were
found. ___________________________________________________ Thompson, G. (1949) Electroshock and
other therapeutic considerations in sexual psychopath.
The Journal of Nervous and Mental disease. 109 : 531
-539. SUBJECTS: 3 males, with other serious
psychological problems METHOD: Electric shock
therapy RESULTS: Did not change homosexual
drive. Other areas somewhat improved ___________________________________________________ Thorpe, J., Schmidt, E. (1964)
Therapeutic failure in a case of aversion therapy.
Behavior Research and Therapy. 1: 293 - 296. SUBJECT: 1 male, homosexual fantasy no
behavior METHOD: Aversive classic conditioning
with shock RESULTS: Client was very upset by
treatments and terminated Thorpe, J., Schmidt, E., Castell, D.
(1963) A comparison of positive and negative (aversive)
conditioning in the treatment of homosexuality. Behavior
Research and Therapy. 1:357 - 362. SUBJECT: 1 male METHOD: Masturbatory conditioning and
aversive classic conditioning with shock RESULTS: Small change with
relapses ___________________________________________________ von Schrenck-Notzing, A (1895)
Therapeutic suggestion (in Psychopathia Sexualis.
Philadelphia: Davis.) 320 CHANGE: One of the first studies of
the treatment of homosexuality. Used hypnosis on 70 male
patients. The hypnotic suggestion consisted of commanding
the patient to suppress perverse practices and ideas, to
think of perversion as repulsive and to think of
heterosexual objects as attractive. This mode of
treatment seemingly a forerunner of modern behavioral
therapy, was reported to achieve 37.5 per cent cures and
another 34 per cent improvement. The criterion of cure
was the patient's ability to have heterosexual
intercourse. METHOD: Collected data from a number
of different psychiatrists of 27 patients treated with
hypnosis, 21 had a "cure" or great improvement of these,
19 reached a deep or moderate depth of
hypnosis. SUBJECTS: 27 patients METHOD: Hypnosis RESULTS: 21 cure or great
improvement ___________________________________________________ Wilson, G., Davison, G. (1974)
Behavior therapy and homosexuality: A critical
perspective. Behavior Therapy. 5: 16 - 17.
Homosexuality
Conversion Success
