Psychoanalytic
Theory
For Freud, psychoanalysis
covered three areas: metapsicología or a general
theory of man, a method of inquiry into the mental
processes, and a psychotherapy based on the phenomenon of
transference, countertransference and analysis of
resistance. However, the theoretical building evolved
rapidly, and in directions not always coincide. If
anything characterizes the field of psychoanalysis is the
diversity of approaches that coexist in the same feature
is its lack of systematization, but Chapter VII of The
Interpretation of Dreams presents the genetic core of
psychoanalytic theory. This exhibition will outline the
traditional Freudian, but the father of psychoanalysis
evolved in their proposals and never intended to leave
and finish a complete thought.
As a method, Freud introduced
the so-called "hermeneutic analysis, which is the analog
method. According to Paul Clinton "What matters at the
hermeneutic is truth or error of the proposition is not
to stop in assessing the truth or error of it, but to
introduce into the motivations that justify the truth or
error of the proposition enunciated. " He distinguished
between the physiological processes psychiatry and
psychopathology of biogenetic factors, guided by the
natural-scientific method, which relies on the use of
observation and explanation, and Psychiatry
etodinámica, concerned about the content and
seeking interpretation of the sign beyond his
explanation, we focused on individual factors and social
context. In the words of Freud, "is, first, a living
experience, the result of direct observation and then the
development of reflective of the results of
it."
The basis of the method derived
from the use of free association. In this way, is
facilitated access to the subconscious hypnosis,
hypnotherapy, mind control, deep trance , which will
always be indirect. His sense boots assumed determinism,
which says any representation refers to other dormant,
nothing is casual. They are also used extensively the
analysis and interpretation of dreams, as well as bad
acts, but lost his position of privilege.
-The Freudian subconscious
hypnosis, hypnotherapy, mind control, deep trance The
great discovery of Freud is that the subconscious
hypnosis, hypnotherapy, mind control, deep trance forces
determine our behavior as much or more than aware they
are ultimately derived from the above. This is really the
cornerstone of the psychological mind dynamics. The
subconscious hypnosis, hypnotherapy, mind control, deep
trance is revealed in bad acts, into oblivion after it
returns to our memory (which shows its active)
posthipnóticas or suggestions, for
example.
In his first theory of the skin
or psychic apparatus, Freud separates awareness
preconsciente (which, without being present at any given
time, may be consciously or evoke more or less effort),
and the subconscious hypnosis, hypnotherapy, mind
control, deep trance , consisting of non-accessible
content suppressed the other by the action of repression.
The latter is governed by the primary process, especially
the mechanisms of condensation and displacement (3). The
subconscious hypnosis, hypnotherapy, mind control, deep
trance , except in certain states hypnotics only revealed
indirectly, and knowledge is the great task that the
proposed analytical technique.
-The structural model of
personality: In 1923, Freud summarizes the three levels
of the psychic apparatus that make up the 2. ª
Topic:
This is the hub drives, and its
contents are subconscious hypnosis, hypnotherapy, mind
control, deep trance in their entirety, either innate or
acquired and repressed. It is the basic psychic energy
reserves. Works on the primary process, which seeks an
immediate gratification (pleasure principle) and is
typically manifested in the structure of the manifest
dream sequences distortion in temporal logic and
cause-effect relationships, displacement, condensation
and symbolism. So clearly we can find in the thinking
process of young children.
Superyó is the judge,
censorship, social norms. Its function is to moral
conscience. It is not innate but is acquired, according
to the classical theory, for the internalization of
parental prohibitions and requirements to resolve the
Oedipus complex. It is partly conscious, but also
represent values and social demands tacitly assumed in
early childhood and who remained subconscious hypnosis,
hypnotherapy, mind control, deep trance .
I is the mediator between the
past and between them and the reality outside the
subject, but only relatively autonomous. It is the factor
that links the mental processes, but it has put in place
mechanisms of defense when it receives signals of
distress. Such defenses seek to maintain normal
psychological mind well-being, but an altered functioning
of these can lead to the emergence of a
psychopathology.
The following is a brief
description of the most common defense mechanisms, which
were the subject of particular attention from the
theories of Freud:
Isolation: isolate a thought or
behavior of their affection, cutting the link with other
thoughts or behaviors.
Condensation: various movements
just merging several associations in a single
representation; typical dreams.
Conversion: the psychological
mind conflict is transformed into physical symptoms,
trying to resolve. Such symptoms representations
expressing repressed.
Weight: affection linked to a
representation, going to another. Mechanism typical
dreams.
Reactive training to develop a
behavior or apparent trend away from the instinctive
impulse This original. Originates from the prohibitions
of the radical Superyó.
Introjection: I received the
views, wishes, etc., And others adopted as its own. An
external object is internalized. Stems from the
identification process.
Disclaimer: I deny the obvious
facts and real situations, the move to close the
perception of things that are not accepted.
Projection: moving feelings,
impulses, failures, faults, etc.., Own other people,
situations or objects.
Rationalization: I replaced the
real motivation for this originated in the
intelectualizaciones, motivations rationally designed
that they passed censorship Superyó.
Back: return to a stage of
development as a result of frustrations in the
satisfaction of libido.
Repression: the most basic
defense mechanism. The drives are removed from the field
of consciousness, being installed in the subconscious
hypnosis, hypnotherapy, mind control, deep trance
.
Sublimation: applies the power
of instinctive impulse renounced social and cultural
objectives. Replacement: When meeting a need in a given
object is impeded for any reason, and replaced the
original object on the other.
Operation is mainly marked by
the secondary process, based on the principle of reality,
and that was postponed by downloading the instinctive
tendency to this, and takes into account the restrictions
superyoicas. Is mostly conscious. Its genesis is linked
by some authors to differentiate this from the contact
with external reality, as other core yoico there since
birth, which later developed mainly through processes of
identification.
The energy-perspective: Freud
called drives the forces that are supposed to after the
needs of this, and whose energy comes from sources
physiological ultimately. Such drives are reduced to two
fundamentals: Eros and Thanatos. The first, also called
impulse of self-love or seeks to create units by
increasing ties, and its energy base is called libido.
Libido changes throughout the development: at first I was
in the dumps (primary narcissism), then I addressed the
inauguration of libidinal objects (usually people). This
process has a huge potential mobility, although there are
sometimes certain object bindings for life. Freud says
that sexual orientation has a remarkable plasticity, so
that if one of them is constrained by the dictates of
reality, one can be satisfied in compensation. However,
deprivation keep it because the pathogen against which
are limited, and equally so is the individual capacity to
use them (sublimation removes only part of the libido,
and many people sublimate in a very restricted). The main
restriction is imposed on the mobility of libido because
they are few and objects that allow for their
satisfaction, so that, in addition to the deprivation,
the setting is the other major etiological factor of
neurosis.
Tánatos, the concept of
death or aggressive, look for the opposite effect: to
destroy the connections. Its goal is the total
elimination of tension (death, in short), the
preservation of life requires direct part of their energy
to foreign aggression and destruction, if the object is
the last I, the effects are self.
THERAPEUTIC-DEVELOPMENT.
It also seeks to resolve
conflicts and eliminate pathological defenses, but does
not propose a thorough restructuring caracterial as
classical psychoanalysis. There is much talk about it,
but could conceptualized as a version of psychoanalysis
more insight oriented limited to existing forms that
reveal their dynamic structures and the elimination of
symptoms and is usually given to patients who for various
reasons (in generally difficult to take the frame and
explicit or implicit) do not seem to benefit from a
classic throughout the rule.
The frequency is typically 1 to
3 sessions per week, for a time varies depending on the
circumstances of each case. Is less emphasis on free
association, and the analysis of the transfer to the
analyst is replaced by the more frequent transfers of
significant others, can be said that there is a greater
emphasis on interpersonal events. For this reason, the
most propitious
working alliance (task-oriented,
rests largely on the motivation of the patient's
treatment, but also requires a dedicated capacity on the
part of the therapist) that the transfer of neurosis. In
this sense, the decline was contained only in traditional
psychoanalysis, and in general can say that is a
deliberate effort to contain it to a level similar to
that brought to therapy since its inception. Based on
these considerations, it is conducive to meeting face to
face instead of using the couch.
The role of the therapist is
more active and more focused interventions. The process
is certainly more flexible and usually include
psychopharmacological patterns.
-Supportive
psychotherapy.
Is the treatment of choice for
patients who are limited in their ability to change or
their involvement in therapy. Look for the relief of
symptoms without going into the structure of character
and / or basic conflict resolution. Therefore focuses on
the conduct of foreign exchange, and free content or
repressed, nor touch the subconscious hypnosis,
hypnotherapy, mind control, deep trance .
In the absence of a solid
structure yoica enough to develop and integrate this
material, the strategy focuses on strengthening the
defenses and make others, but always in the attempt to
achieve and maintain the best possible
adaptation.
Do not occur naturally
transferenciales interpretations, while enabling the
identification with the therapist. This is clearly a
figure of authority that supports the restoration or
correction of defenses and integration capabilities. It
has a leadership role, active, and their attempts to
shape and guide autorevelaciones resources for the
effective management of problems. In any case the focus
is always conscious, but often also working out the
schedule moral level Superyó. Neurosis transfer is
discouraged, and attempts to strengthen the alliance
work. Neither the couch is used for obvious reasons,
because it prevents the regression as possible. In fact,
one of the dangers of this variant is the
psychotherapeutic regressions elicitar patterns of
dependency and too intense.
According to the patient, can
limit the time of the therapeutic process, in any case,
the visits are spaced more than in other forms of
psychotherapy, and can be arranged at the request of the
patient. In general, it tends to originate in
environmental problems, disease or
decompensated.
BRIEF DYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPIES
and crisis intervention.
Begin to develop after the first
applications in emergency psychotherapy carried out by
Lindemann, integrating the contributions of
psychoanalytic theory Ferenczi, E. Erikson and others,
with the theory of crises G. Caplan. At the level of
care, has been rapidly accepted from dissatisfaction with
the length and economic demands of psychoanalysis and
other derivatives and exposed; Malugani is justified on
social aspects (accessibility of the lower classes),
economic (lower cost ) and preventive applications. The
text is considered a pioneer and key Alexander and the
1946 French psychoanalytic therapy, but today it is
integrated in the short term psychotherapies other
approaches derived from psychoanalysis.
Brief psychotherapy integrates a
broad range of formats that vary in many of its basic
characteristics, but share a common psychodynamic anchor,
and a concern over the delay of treatment. An attempt by
definition must include the following factors: the
limitation in time, focusing on the goals, so preventive
additional criteria for selecting patients, and the
requirement of an especially active role in the
therapist.
-Basic concepts.
-The concept of time. It is a
basic element in the identity of this type
psychotherapeutic, and its maximum exponent in this
regard is J. Mann. In general, we could define the
time-limit feature to less than 6 months. However, it is
necessary to consider the logical or subjective time, ie
that each patient will need to know their problems and
develop appropriately. It is the latter which is less
recognized in brief psychotherapy, and explains its
popularity while in institutional care and the need to
select very well the patient could benefit from it, and
that includes the mind idea that it is time.
It is interesting to recognize
that the time limit in appropriate patients, is an
important advantage in that it provides a partnership
consisting of material not disperse and therefore limit
the focus set. At the same time, the initial time frame
should be made in a flexible manner and attempted, and
this can not be otherwise since the start of treatment
are not yet know the intensity and complexity of the
problem in all its magnitude.
Factors have been studied by
extension Malan from two viewpoints: the patient and the
therapist, then presents a list of them. The primary
concern of psychotherapy any sign soon, is to overcome
those factors.
Relationship factors extension
of psychotherapy:
o IN THE PATIENT
Resistances
Overdetermination of
symptoms
Need analytical processing
(working through)
Root of all childhood neurosis
Transfer
Unit
Negative transfer related to the
analysis
Neurosis transfer
o IN THE THERAPIST:
Tendency to passivity, or let go
by the patient
Convey the patient a sense of
endless
Perfectionism
therapeutic
Experiences growing interest in
increasingly deep and old, by the principle of
determinism psychoanalytic
Gradual loss of
enthusiasm
-Focus. Is probably the common
denominator of brief psychotherapies, as well as its most
important technical difficulties. It consists of the
demarcation of the therapeutic intervention to specific
aspects of the case, ie the scheduling of a goal. There
are several types of outbreaks, according to the
therapeutic model chosen can be a conscious and accepted
by both parties, or the result it produces a dynamic
scenario in terms of the therapist's patient
approach.
The situation. Face to face,
this is always more difficult and sensitive use of the
couch. The therapist requires a more active role,
including a position of selective attention and
directivity on the contents of therapy.
-Criteria for selecting
patients.
Recent onset
disorders.
Adequate capacity to establish a
solid therapeutic alliance.
Motivation for treatment,
somehow, that the disease is contrary to Me.
Adequate capacity for insight
and effective oral communication.
Defense mechanisms and
comprehensive little rigidificados.
Tolerance to the anxiety and
frustration.
Preferably, not advanced age,
although it varies greatly depending more on this aspect
of the pathology, motivation and objectives of age per
se.
Contraindications are in
principle in patients requiring global restructuring of
personality, which have strong tendency to act outside
the framework of conflict therapeutic uncooperative, drug
addicts, and with a long history of failure
psychother
Features-therapist.
High motivation of personal and
professional.
Ability to stimulate the patient
and their context.
Readiness to cooperate with both
the patient and with their environment, other
professionals, and so on. Adequate training, including
preparation psychotherapy training, teaching and
supervision.
-MODELS.
One approach is to base Bellak
and Small, which will match Brief psychotherapy,
psychotherapy Emergency and Crisis Intervention. The
basic objective is to provide symptomatic relief to a
point where it can be done while leaving the rest either
in a position to derive extensive and intensive
psychotherapy. Its format is five sessions (number of
guidance, and therefore flexible) at the rate of one per
week in principle.
Another model is the prestige of
Malan, who manages two triangles in the basic structure
of therapy, called focal therapy. The first of these, or
"triangle of conflict" includes the following points:
D
(defense mechanisms), A
(anxiety) and SI (subconscious hypnosis, hypnotherapy,
mind control, deep trance feelings). This triangle is
related to the "people", consisting of: O (current
relationships with significant others), T
(transferenciales relationship with the therapist) and P
(with significant people in the past, usually parents).
In therapy, updates the triangle of conflict in the
person of the therapist and his role is connected with O
and P. Molnos develops this dynamic graphically including
each of the three vertices of a triangle of the triangle
of conflict.
Sifneos seeks continuous
provocation of anxiety in patients, forcing him to face
the pain. So does a reference to psychoanalysis, and in
fact his approach is clearly better and more
systematic.
Mann has developed a
time-limited psychotherapy, supported in particular the
concepts of Bowlby. Limiting the number of meetings from
the beginning, both by the intensification of the process
involved (emphasizing the transition of the relationship
with the therapist) and the burden of positive
expectations that are created. For Mann, the
separation-individuation conflict is universal, and with
the patient looks different evolutionary time working
that issue.
Davanloo is based on the pattern
of triangles Malan while continually challenging the
defenses of the patient in line Sifneos. It is less
selective patients, and seems to have made a promising
performance levels.
Other authors are prominent
Horowitz, Strupp, and Balint. However, it is important to
note that the concept of dynamic psychotherapy, brief
orientation is gradually approaching that of cognitive
behavioral therapy, to the extent that the outbreaks are
most common in different combinations with affection as
cognitions determinants of specific behaviors,
essentially relational (20). It is possible that the
union remains within the so-called constructivist
paradigm, represented by the model of cognitive therapy
and structural Guidano Liotti.
DYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY
INFANTIL.
The core of its development has
revolved around the confrontation between two opposing
views: those of Anna Freud and Melanie Klein.
Anna Freud, the leading exponent
of so-called School of Vienna, taken as regards the
fundamental theoretical structural Freudian. Omitting
speculation about childhood fantasies no observable
evolutionary outlines a vision of the conflict between
the various departments of the psychic apparatus, so that
each phase of development would have some tasks and
anxieties-specific. His speech is designed in line with
the psychology of the psychoanalytic I, mature and
flexible portfolio of defense mechanisms, promoting the
best possible adaptation. In this sense, his approach is
more education, and is based on a proper working
partnership.
The position of the English
School, managed about Melanie Klein, made more emphasis
on aspects instinctive: the child is actively organizing
their sexual and aggressive fantasies. Fruitfully
theorized on the relationship of object and on positions
"paranoid schizophrenia" and "depressed" in the first,
which occurs early in life means that the baby does not
recognize "people", but is related to objects partial
predominant feeling of persecution and the processes of
division. The second (from 4-6 to 12 months,
approximately) begins with the recognition of the mother
and total order, including integration processes,
ambivalence and guilt. In addition, theorizes an early
Oedipus complex (in the first year of life). His ideas
have been widely distributed beyond the treatment of
children, and approaches that characterized the decline
and spur action in the treatment of anxiety and conflict,
especially by making use of the game.
Other schools are managed
relevant around Winnicott (containment maternal primary
transitional objects), or School of Philadelphia around
O. Rank and the emphasis on the role of the traumatic
experience of birth. It also highlights the contributions
of Spitz in the line of Anna Freud and Hartmann,
dedicated to the study of the genesis of the first order
relations.
NEW TRENDS.
Since Freud's work, has
developed a large number of variants of classic
psychoanalysis. The most creative and innovative while
kleiniana have been the approach of the call and the
psychology of the self, inspired by H. Hartmann, A.
Freud, Alexander, French and others.
Klein gives great importance to
the impulse of aggression or destructive, for it is
innate, and the main factor of anxiety. The strategy is
basic technique to use to play back childhood conflicts,
using the appropriate transfer denial. That is, the
regression is favored to break the defenses. His
influence can be seen in authors such as Heimann, Bion
and Rosenfeld.
In addition, Hartmann and his
followers sectors without increasing conflict Yo, so that
with proper working partnership is to analyze defenses
and drive back with great care not affect me "ally."
Therefore, encourage healthy defenses, better integration
achieved.
However, the current guidelines
of psychoanalysis are marked largely by the works of J.
Lacan, which is a revision of Freud's work, which he
believed had been misrepresented. Complex and time
critical, Lacan's work represents a rediscovery of Freud.
Lacan introduces the philosophy and linguistics
especially in psychoanalysis. He suggested that the
subconscious hypnosis, hypnotherapy, mind control, deep
trance is structured like a language, we must liberate
the word. " In another, attacking the institution
psychotherapy, arguing that the analyst can only
legitimize the practice. One of his most important
contribution is the theoretical stage of the mirror,
which shows the mechanism of narcissistic identification,
whose importance is that by recognizing the self-image as
such, I begins to develop its functions. This process is
pre-stage edípico (is between 6-18 months,
approximately). Lacan argues that it is I who wore the
neurosis, is the enemy, built through confusion,
alienation and false identifications. Thus, alter the
practice of psychology I, and cautions against the
enthronement of rational discourse as a method of
understanding of the subconscious hypnosis, hypnotherapy,
mind control, deep trance . However, we must insist that
Lacan must be discovered through its direct reading, and
with a solid theoretical basis.
Other authors are cited as the
Spitz and Winnicott, Balint (very critical of the
classical theory of libido and sexual organizations
pregenitales), E. Erikson (and psychosocial stages that
make up a progressive development of identity integration
as psycho-socio-cultural), Kernberg (researcher disorders
limits or border), Sullivan (which draws from
psychoanalysis intra brace and placed on the psychosocial
dimension ), or even a psychoanalysis without libido
(Fairbairn, Bowlby).
ALTERNATIVES
psychoanalysis.
Freud's psychoanalytic movement
had the great virtue of not only generate an original and
innovative approach in the treatment of mental disorders
and the concept of human beings, but that engine was in
turn, often by a reaction of fruitful approaches
alternatives. Among these are the prospects C.G. Jung, W.
Reich, A. Lowen, E. Berne or A. Adler.
o CARL G. JUNG: Traditionally
difficult to understand an author in his direct reading,
probably in the first place requires a special
presentation: Jung integrates two distinct personalities.
On one hand, the psychiatrist and empirical science, for
the shaman immersed in other religious worlds. This
polarity complementary andalusia Taoist style, is seen in
his own theorizing.
Is the best known figure of
Freudian thwarted heir to the throne, primarily driven by
their particular concerns, which led him to advocate a
libido beyond the sexual impulse. The two central points
of his analytical psychology focus on the collective
subconscious hypnosis, hypnotherapy, mind control, deep
trance (and archetypes), and in the process of
individuation.
Jung understood that I
participate in the awareness and consciousness. Between
the first and the outside is the ectopsique and its four
functions are paired up (feeling, intuition,
thinking-feeling). The endopsique connects with the
consciousness of the subconscious hypnosis, hypnotherapy,
mind control, deep trance processes.
Combining the two axes of the
bipolar ectopsique with new extraversion-introversion
(which focuses on where to dump the psychic energy, to
yes-or outside it), we get the Jungian types. 3
orthogonal axes, combined, give us guidance or 8 types of
psyche. The most pronounced feature is the leading and
complementary (mostly subconscious hypnosis,
hypnotherapy, mind control, deep trance ) will be lower.
The other assistants are upper and lower. The
subconscious hypnosis, hypnotherapy, mind control, deep
trance is very different from Freud, because innate
potential to involve the integration and
order.
An important concept is that of
Jung's collective subconscious hypnosis, hypnotherapy,
mind control, deep trance . If the personal subconscious
hypnosis, hypnotherapy, mind control, deep trance is
basically complexes Affective, and stems from personal
experience, the collective subconscious hypnosis,
hypnotherapy, mind control, deep trance is innate and its
contents are universal, and are called archetypes. These
are recognizable as such collective representations on
myths, legends, dreams, etc., Although having been
altered
conciencializados. Jung did not
believe that archetypes are inherited in both images, but
as basic principles of design and then produce such
images when certain psychic entering
consciousness.
The treatment can be divided
into 4 phases:
Confession or
catharsis.
Elucidation or
interpretation.
Education: Development I
adleriano style.
Individuation: truly profound
psychological mind change.
The basis of therapy is a
dialectical process, metaphorically depicted in ancient
alchemy. Would, in its ultimate meaning of individuation,
bringing awareness to all of the area, partially
submerged in the subconscious hypnosis, hypnotherapy,
mind control, deep trance , which represents the
combination of the above 3 lines to the inferior role.
That is why in the first half of life, the person often
put their leading roles, beginning in the reality
outside, while some of them (not all) will begin in the
internal reality, for the total integration (which
mandala) in the second phase. At this level, Jungian
psychotherapy is not intended to cure the symptoms but
the self, growth. Even neurosis is regarded positively,
as opening a new way to develop a personality. Very
important is the use of dreams. Symbolic explorations,
amplified and processed, enrich and
